X11 is just an on-screen graphics display system.
Applications speak to it when they want to display a window, buttons, etc. Otherwise, an application will only be the terminal. And the replacement for X11 on Linux would be Wayland, a newer system.
kde and xfce are called "desktop environments" (DE for short). they use x11 and usually come with their own default apps. Other popular DEs are Gnome, MATE, LXDE, i3.
A "distribution" is more than just a DE. The complete Linux distribution will include the kernel, the boot system (eg systemd), the DE, the entire application suite, the installer. Some distributions are very light, they only ship with the kernel and basic tools.
There are often versions of the same dispenser reserved with different DEs. For example, Ubuntu usually comes with Gnome DE, but Kubuntu is a variant with KDE installed by default.
What you get in termux is not a full-scale Linux distribution. The reason is that you are running any termux applications on the existing linux kernel your android phone is using. It's good for performance. What you get when you install a "distribution" with termux is basically an x11 server with the DE and a few other apps the distro will have.
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